Purpose: DIFFERENTIATION of mouse embryonic stem CELLs into Insulin secreting endocrine CELLs. Materials and Methods: In this study, Royan B1 mouse embryonic stem CELL (derived from C57BL/6 mouse) were used. In directed DIFFERENTIATION method, embryonicstem CELLs after embryoid bodies formation were differentiated into insulin secreting CELLs. Nestin positive CELLs were obtained after culture in selection medium. In final stage, these CELLs were expanded in the presence of bFGF, followed by addition of Nicotinamid to promote DIFFERENTIATION of insulin- secreting CELLs.CELLs were assayed by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and insulin secreting assay with Radio-Immuno assay kit.Results: Analysis of differentiated CELLs immunocytochemistry showed that these CELLs can be insulin, Glucagon, somatostatin and polypeptide pancreatic. RT-PCR reaction demonstrated the expression of insulin and Glucogon genes. Differentiated CELLs secreted insulin in response to Glucose, but no significance difference in insulin concentration was observed when concentration of glucose was increased.Conclusion: Results of this study showed that mouse embryonic stem CELLs can differentiated into insulin-secreting CELLs. But it seems that these CELLs aren't real beta-CELL.

CD4+ T helper (Th) CELLs are part of the adaptive immune system and are responsible for activating other immune CELLs, such as B CELLs, CD8+ T CELLs, macrophages, mast CELLs, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. DIFFERENTIATION of CD4+ T CELLs is influenced by cytokines and stimulation of the T CELL receptor by different antigens. The pattern of cytokine secretion can be altered under specific conditions from one CELL line to another, indicating that Th CELLs have plasticity. In fact, active and master regulators collaborate with transcription factors like signal transducers, activator transducers, and activators of transcription (STATs) in developing the DIFFERENTIATION process. The signals provided by cytokines activate specific transcription factors in each CELL line. During this process, epigenetic modifications are actively involved. Epigenetics is defined as heritable alterations in the regulation of gene expression without any change in the DNA strand and includes DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. The plasticity of CD4+ T CELLs in DIFFERENTIATION to multiple subsets allows Th CELLs to exhibit the best immune response against the target microorganism. Failure to respond appropriately to multiple types of microorganisms can lead to disease. In this review, we have collected recent advances in understanding the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the DIFFERENTIATION of Th CELLs and, thereby, the commitment of CD4+ T CELLs to a particular lineage to raise an appropriate response against a variety of microorganisms.

Aims Amniotic fluid stem CELLs have lower ethical limitations than embryonic stem CELLs for the use in research and treatment. These CELLs show great self-renewal potential and can differentiate into the specialized CELLs of all three germ layers. The amniotic fluid stem CELLs display minimal risks of teratomas and very low immunogenicity. For these reasons, amniotic fluid appears as a promising alternative source for stem CELL therapy. The objective of this study was to isolate the stem CELLs from amniotic fluid and differentiate them into the osteoblastic CELLs. Materials & Methods An amniotic fluid sample (about 10ml) was collected from a healthy donor in Sarem women’ s hospital (Tehran, Iran). After centrifugation, the CELLs were cultured in a DMEM medium supplemented with 20% FBS. The CELL clones were observed after two weeks and were passaged to an osteoblastic DIFFERENTIATION medium. Alizarin red staining and RTPCR for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin markers were used for confirmation of CELLular DIFFERENTIATION. Findings Stem CELLs were isolated from amniotic fluid. Phenotypically, these CELLs showed spindle-shaped morphology with a large nucleus. Following the induction of DIFFERENTIATION, they showed the expression of osteoblastic CELLs markers indicating their DIFFERENTIATION. The expression of those markers was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Conclusion Amniotic stem CELLs have the ability to differentiate into the osteoblastic CELLs using an osteoblastic DIFFERENTIATION medium.